مطالعه فرونشست زمین در اثر افت آب‌ زیرزمینی و تغییر اقلیم

Climatic change is severe in the Middle East countries and especially in Iran, and in the next few years, Iran will face an increase in average temperature of 2.6 degrees Celsius and a 35% decrease in rainfall. Subsidence is an environmental phenomenon caused by the sudden lowering of the earth's surface. In recent years, excessive population growth, change of land use, increase in cultivated area, increase in drilling of wells and as a result increase in water demand along with the phenomenon of climate change have caused excessive withdrawal of underground water resources. Subsidence has been reported due to excessive exploitation of underground water in different regions of the world and many plains of Iran. One of the main reasons for subsidence is the decrease in the level of underground water and the impossibility of renewing aquifers in critical areas. In most areas where subsidence occurs, it is not possible to return to the situation before the subsidence, at least in a short period of time. It is very important to monitor the exact amount of subsidence and evaluate its causes and methods of measurement and control. Based on the literature review, the huge decrease in groundwater in recent years has caused subsidence in most of the plains of Iran and has created cracks and fissures with different depths, lengths and shapes. With the passage of time, continuous longitudinal cracks, holes, pits, and sinkholes have been created in most areas, including the northwest, south, and southeast of Iran.